Articles Formed From Polypropylene Prepared with a Single-Site Catalyst and Poly(hydroxyl carboxylic acid) Blends

ABSTRACT

A resin composition comprising at least 0.1% by weight of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) and at least 50% by weight of polypropylene prepared with a single-site catalyst, preferably with a metallocene catalyst.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is related to blends of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)swith polypropylene. In particular the invention is directed to blends ofpoly(lactic acid) with polypropylene prepared with single-sitecatalysts, preferably metallocene catalysts.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the past few years, the general public has become increasinglyapprehensive of the impact man-made waste has on the environment. Hencethere is a growing interest in developing novel biodegradable (andpreferably compostable) plastics from renewable resources.

One particularly interesting candidate for this task is poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid), in particular poly(lactic acid) (PLA), nowcommercially available on a relatively large scale. The lactic acid isobtained from plants such as corn and sugar-cane or other sugar- orstarch-producing plants. Not only is PLA obtainable from renewablematerials, it is also industrially compostable. For these reasons, thereis significant interest in using PLA as a substitute in applications,where petroleum-based thermoplastics have conventionally been used.

Unfortunately, PLA used on its own does not have the same advantageousproperties as conventional plastics do. In particular PLA hasperformance problems related to heat resistance, brittleness and limitedflexibility, resulting in poor mechanical strength. On the other hand,polyolefins, such as polypropylene, have much better mechanicalproperties. It has been attempted to combine these properties byblending PLA with polypropylene to obtain a resin that is at leastpartially obtainable from renewable resources, but still has acceptablemechanical properties. However, it is known that blending PLA withconventional polypropylenes such as Ziegler-Natta-catalysedpolypropylenes provides heterogeneous resin blends, due to thedifferences in polarity and molecular weight distribution of the twocomponents. In the past, compatibilising agents were used to increasethe homogeneity of the blends. However, this requires an additionalindustrial step, as well as specific conditions during extrusion.Furthermore, the addition of compatibilising agents is expensive andchanges the properties of the desired product. Thus both thecompatibilising agent and the by-products change the properties of thedesired end product, be it a film, fibre or moulded object.

JP 2005307128 A discloses a blend of PLA and polypropylene using acompatibilising agent, in this case a polypropylene grafted with a vinylcarboxylic acid, vinyl anhydride or another vinyl derivative.

JP 2006348060 A also describes a thermoplastic resin comprising from20-90wt % PLA and 10-80wt % polypropylene with 1-20 pts.wt ofcompatibiliser.

EP 1 777 263 A also teaches mixing polyolefins with PLA by using acompatibiliser, wherein the compatibiliser is a hydrogenated,diene-based polymer containing at least one functional group selectedfrom carboxyl group, acid anhydride group, epoxy group, (meth)acrylgroup, amino group, alkoxysilyl group, hydroxyl group, isocyan ate groupand oxazoline group.

US 2005/0192405 A discloses a polymer blend of PLA and polyolefins. Thetwo components are mixed by including a polyalkylacrylic ester and/or apolyvinyl ester, as well as a block copolymer of a polyalkylacrylicester and a polyolefin and/or a block copolymer of a polyvinyl ester anda polyolefin, which act as compatibilising agents.

It is hence an object of the invention to develop a polypropylene-basedresin, that is at least partially obtainable from renewable resourcesand has better or at least similar mechanical properties than hithertoknown blends of polypropylene with resins obtainable from renewableresources.

It is also an object of the invention to develop a resin that is atleast partially obtainable from renewable resources and has improvedmechanical properties in comparison with poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)s.

Additionally, it is an object of the invention to develop a resin thatis at least partially obtainable from renewable resources and hassimilar mechanical properties to polypropylene.

It is hence an object of the invention to develop a resin that hasbetter gas barrier properties than polypropylene.

It is also an object of the invention to develop a resin with bettersurface tension properties than polypropylene.

Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to blend polypropylenewith poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)s without having to usecompatibilising agents to obtain homogeneous blends.

It is also an object of the invention to find a resin at least partiallyobtainable from renewable resources that can be used in film, fibre,thermoforming, blow moulding, injection stretch blow moulding, extrusionblow moulding or rotational moulding applications.

At least one of the above objects is achieved with the implementation ofthe current invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention solves at least one of the problems mentionedabove by providing a resin composition comprising at least 0.1% and lessthan 50% by weight of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) and at least 50% byweight of polypropylene prepared with a single-site catalyst, inparticular metallocene catalysts.

According to another embodiment, the resin composition comprises morethan 50% by weight of polypropylene prepared with a single-sitecatalyst, in particular metallocene catalysts.

According to another embodiment, the resin composition essentiallyconsists of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) and polypropylene preparedwith a single-site catalyst, in particular metallocene catalysts.

The invention also covers the process for making the resin compositionof the present invention.

Furthermore, the invention covers the use of poly(hydroxy carboxylicacids) to change the properties of polypropylene prepared withsingle-site catalysts, for example metallocene catalysts.

The invention also includes the use of polypropylene resin, inparticular, polypropylene prepared with a single-site catalyst, as animpact resistance modifier for poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)s.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of themicrostructure of a cast film according to the invention comprising ametallocene-catalysed polypropylene (mPP) and PLA.

FIG. 2 shows an SEM image of the microstructure of a cast filmcomprising Ziegler-Natta catalysed (znPP) and PLA.

FIG. 3 shows an SEM image of a film comprising mPP and PLA.

FIG. 4 shows an SEM image of the surface of an injection moulded samplecomprising mPP and PLA.

FIG. 5 shows an SEM image of the surface of an injection moulded samplecomprising znPP and PLA.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As described above the present invention relates to a compositioncomprising a resin blend of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) andpolypropylene prepared with a single-site catalyst, in particularmetallocene catalysts.

Until now, it has been assumed that it would be impossible to achievehomogeneous blends of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)s and polypropylenewithout using a compatibilising agent, especially in view of thedifference in polarities. However, surprisingly this is not the case. Infact, the blends are sufficiently homogeneous and provide surprisinglyacceptable properties, such that they can be used in compositions forfilms, fibres, thermoforming, injection blow moulding, extrusion blowmoulding, injection stretch blow moulding and rotational blow mouldingand the like. It is thought that the more similar the molecularstructure of the two components, the more miscible they become, despitedifferences in polarity.

The Poly(Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid)

The poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) can be any polymer wherein themonomers are derived from renewable resources and comprise at least onehydroxyl group and at least carboxyl group. The hydroxy carboxylic acidmonomer is preferably obtained from renewable resources such as corn andsugar cane or other sugar- or starch-producing plants. Preferably, thepoly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) used according to the invention is atleast partially obtainable from renewable resources. The term“poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)” includes homo- and co-polymers herein aswell as blends of one or more such polymers.

The poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) can be represented as in Formula I:

wherein

-   -   R9 is hydrogen or a branched or linear alkyl comprising from 1        to 12 carbon atoms;    -   R10 is optional and can be a branched, cyclic or linear alkylene        chains comprising from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and    -   “r” represents the number of repeating units of R and is any        integer from 30 to 15000.

The monomeric repeating unit is not particularly limited, as long as itis aliphatic and has a hydroxyl residue and a carboxyl residue. Examplesof possible monomers include lactic acid, glycolic acid,3-hydroxybutyric acid, 4-hydroxybutyric acid, 4-hydroxyvaleric acid,5-hydroxyvaleric acid and 6-hydroxycaproic acid to make for examplepoly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid),poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid), poly(4-hydroxyvaleric acid),poly(5-hydroxyvaleric acid) and poly(6-hydroxycaproic acid),respectively.

The monomeric repeating unit may also be derived from a cyclic monomeror cyclic dimer of the respective aliphatic hydroxycarboxylic acid.Examples of these include lactide, glycolide, β-propiolactone,β-butyrlactone, γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone, δ-valerolactone,ε-caprolactone and the like.

In the case of asymmetric carbon atoms within the hydroxy carboxylicacid unit, each of the D-form and the L-form as well as mixtures of bothmay be used. This includes racemic mixtures can also be used.

The poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) may optionally comprise one or morecomonomer(s).

The comonomer can be a second different hydroxycarboxylic acid asdefined above in Formula I. The weight percentage of eachhydroxycarboxylic acid is not particularly limited.

The comonomer can also comprise dibasic carboxylic acids and dihydricalcohols. These react together to form aliphatic esters, oligoesters orpolyesters as shown in Formula II having a free hydroxyl end group and afree carboxylic acid end group, capable of reacting with hydroxycarboxylic acids, such as lactic acid and polymers thereof.

wherein

-   -   R11 and R12 are branched or linear alkylenes comprising from 1        to 12 carbon atoms and can be the same or different;    -   “t” represents the number of repeating units T and is any        integer of at least 1

These copolymers are also within the scope of the invention. The sum ofthe number of repeating units “r” (Formula I) and “t” (Formula II) isany integer from 30 to 15000. The weight percentages of each monomeri.e. the hydroxycarboxylic acid monomer and the aliphatic ester,oligoester or polyester comonomer of Formula II are not particularlylimited. Preferably, the poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) comprises atleast 50 wt % of hydroxycarboxylic acid monomers and at most 50 wt % ofaliphatic ester, oligoester or polyester comonomers.

The dihydric alcohols and the dibasic acids that can be used in thealiphatic polyester unit as shown in Formula II are not particularlylimited. Examples of possible dihydric alcohols include ethylene glycol,diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, dipropyleneglycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol,1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, neopentyl glycol,1,4-cyclohexanediol, isosorbide and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol andmixtures thereof.

Aliphatic dibasic acids include succinic acid, oxalic acid, malonicacid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaicacid, sebacic acid; undecanoic diacid, dodecanic diacid and3,3-dimethylpentanoic diacid, cyclic dicarboxylic acids such ascyclohexanedicarboxylic acid and mixtures thereof. The dibasic acidresidue in the hydroxy carboxylic acid copolymer can also be derivedfrom the equivalent diacylchlorides or diesters of the aliphatic dibasicacids.

In the case of asymmetric carbon atoms within the dihydric alcohol orthe dibasic acid, each of the D-form and the L-form as well as mixturesof both may be used. This includes racemic mixtures.

The copolymer can be an alternating, periodic, random, statistical orblock copolymer.

Polymerisation can be carried out according to any method known in theart for polymerising hydroxy carboxylic acids. Polymerisation of hydroxycarboxylic acids and their cyclic dimers is carried out bypolycondensation or ring-opening polymerisation, respectively.

Copolymerisation of hydroxycarboxylic acids can be carried out accordingto any method known in the art. The hydroxycarboxylic acid can bepolymerised separately prior to copolymerisation with the comonomer orboth can be polymerised simultaneously.

In general, the poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid), homo- or copolymer(copolymerised with a second different hydroxy carboxylic acid or withan aliphatic ester, oligoester or polyester as described above), mayalso comprise branching agents. These poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)s canhave a branched, star or three-dimensional network structure. Thebranching agent is not limited so long as it comprises at least threehydroxyl groups and/or at least three carboxyl groups. The branchingagent can be added during polymerisation. Examples include polymers suchas polysaccharides, in particular cellulose, starch, amylopectin,dextrin, dextran, glycogen, pectin, chitin, chitosan and derivatesthereof. Other examples include aliphatic polyhydric alcohols such asglycerine, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, trimethylolethane,trimethylolpropane, xylitol, inositol and the like. Yet another exampleof a branching agent is an aliphatic polybasic acid. Such acids includecyclohexanehexacarboxylic acid, butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid,1,3,5-pentane-tricarboxylic acid, 1,1,2-ethanetricarboxylic acid and thelike.

The total molecular weight of the poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) dependson the desired mechanical and thermal properties and mouldability of thefinal resin composition. It is preferably from 5,000 to 1,000,000 g/mol,more preferably from 10,000 to 500,000 g/mol and even more preferablyfrom 35,000 to 200,000 g/mol. Most preferably the total molecular weightof the polymer is from 50,000 to 150,000 g/mol.

The molecular weight distribution is generally monomodal. However, inthe case of mixtures of two or more fractions of poly(hydroxy carboxylicacid)s of different weight average molecular weight and/or of differenttype, the molecular weight distribution can also be multimodal e.g. bi-or trimodal.

From a standpoint of availability, transparency, renewable resources andcompostability the poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) is preferably apoly(lactic acid) (PLA). Preferably, the PLA is a homopolymer obtainedeither directly from lactic acid or from lactide, preferably fromlactide.

The Polypropylene

The polypropylenes used in this invention are prepared using single-sitecatalysts, preferably metallocene catalysts.

The term “polypropylene” herein includes homopolymers and copolymershaving α-olefin comonomers. The term “polypropylene” herein alsoincludes blends of two or more polypropylenes as defined below.

If the polypropylene is a copolymer, the comonomer can be any a-olefini.e. any 1-alkylene comprising from 2 to 12 carbon atoms (exceptpropylene itself), for example, ethylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene and1-hexene. The copolymer can be an alternating, periodic, random,statistical or block copolymer.

Preferably, the polypropylene used in the resin composition of theinvention is a homopolymer or a copolymer of propylene and ethylene.

Propylene is polymerised at low-pressure in the presence of asingle-site catalyst. Preferably, the catalyst is a metallocenecatalyst. If required, more than one catalyst of the same or differenttype can be used, either simultaneously in one reactor, in two parallelreactors or in two reactors connected to each other in series, to obtainmultimodal or broader molecular weight distributions.

The polypropylene can be syndiotactic, isotactic or atactic. Isotacticpolypropylenes can be obtained using Ziegler-Natta catalysts orappropriate single-site catalysts (in particular metallocene catalysts).Syndiotactic and atactic polypropylenes are obtainable using appropriatesingle-site catalysts (in particular metallocene catalysts). Isotacticpolypropylene is generally selected.

The overall properties of the polypropylene are dependent on the methodand type of single-site catalyst used. A single-site catalyst is forexample a metallocene catalyst or a constrained geometry catalyst. Ithas been found that poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)s are more misciblewith single-site catalysed polypropylene, in particularmetallocene-catalysed polypropylene, than those blended withZiegler-Natta polypropylene. Blends of single-site catalysedpolypropylenes, in particular metallocene-catalysed polypropylenes, withpoly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)s are very homogeneous and do not requireany compatibilisation. Examples of suitable polypropylenes prepared withsingle-site catalysts include those catalysed by one or more of thefollowing metallocenes:dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-4-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride,dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methylindenyl)zirconium dichloride,dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-4,5-benzoindenyl)zirconium dichloride,isopropylidene(cyclopentadienyl)(fluorenyl)zirconium dichloride,isopropylidene(2-methyl-4-tert-butyl-cyclopentadienyl)(fluorenyl)zirconiumdichloride andisopropylidene(2-methyl-4-tert-butyl-cyclopentadienyl)(3,6-di-tert-butyl-fluorenyl)zirconiumdichloride.

Compared to other polypropylenes, single-site catalysed polypropylenes,in particular metallocene-catalysed polypropylenes, have a much narrowermolecular weight distribution. Preferably, the molecular weightdistribution is at most 10, preferably at most 7, more preferably atmost 5, most preferably at most 4. The narrow molecular weightdistribution is compatible with the similarly narrow molecular weightdistribution of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)s.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought,that the molecularstructure of single-site catalysed polypropylenes, in particularmetallocene-catalysed polypropylenes, induces a better compatibilitywith poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)s as well. These polypropylenes showno or very little long chain branching. The incorporation of comonomers,if present, occurs very regularly along the polypropylene's backboneresulting in a highly uniform distribution of comonomers i.e. regularshort chain branching. This effect (known as very narrow “short chainbranching distributions” (SCBD)) in polypropylene is specific tosingle-site catalysed polypropylenes, in particularmetallocene-catalysed polypropylenes. As a result, duringcrystallization from the melt, very small crystallites are formedthroughout the material, thus providing excellent optical clarity.Ziegler-Natta-catalysed polypropylenes on the other hand, have a poorand very random comonomer incorporation, therefore a broad distributionof different sizes of crystallites occurs during crystallisation,resulting in high haze values.

The Applicant believes, without wishing to be bound by theory, thatsince the molecular architecture of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)s issimilar to that of single-site catalysts (in particular metallocenecatalysts), i.e. narrow molecular weight distribution, poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid)s are more compatible with single-site catalysedpolypropylenes, in particular metallocene-catalysed polypropylenes, thanwith other polypropylenes.

Additionally, additives can be included in one or more components of theblend, they can be added during blending, and/or they can be included ina product formed from the blend, such as a film, as desired. Suchadditives are well known in the art, and can include, for example:antioxidants (e.g., hindered phenolics such as IRGANOX™ 1010 or IRGANOX™1076 available from Ciba™); phosphites (e.g., IRGAFOS™ 168 availablefrom Ciba™); anti-cling additives; tackifiers, such as polybutenes,terpene resins, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon resins, alkali metaland glycerol stearates and hydrogenated rosins; UV stabilizers; heatstabilizers; anti-blocking agents; release agents; anti-static agents;pigments; colorants; carbon black; dyes; waxes; silica; fillers; talc,anti-acid compounds; peroxides; grafting agents; lubricants; clarifyingagents; nucleating agents and the like.

Blending of Poly(Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid) with Polypropylene

The blending of the poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) with thepolypropylene, prepared with a single-site catalyst, can be carried outaccording to any physical blending method and combinations thereof knownin the art, dry blending, wet blending or melt blending. The blendingconditions depend upon the blending technique and polypropyleneinvolved. Depending on the method, the polypropylene and thepoly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) can be in any appropriate form, forexample, fluff, powder, granulate, pellet, solution, slurry, and/oremulsion.

If dry blending of the polymer is employed, the dry blending conditionsmay include temperatures from room temperature up to just under themelting temperature of the polymer. The components can be dry blendedprior to a melt blending stage, which can take place for example in anextruder.

Melt processing is fast and simple and makes use of standard equipmentof the thermoplastics industry. The components can be melt blended in abatch process such as with a Banbury, Haake or Brabender Internal Mixeror in a continuous process, such as with an extruder e.g. a single or atwin screw extruder. During melt blending, the temperature at which thepolymers are combined in the blender will generally be in the rangebetween the highest melting point of the polymers employed and up toabout 80° C. above such melting point, preferably between such meltingpoint and up to 30° C. above such melting point. The time required forthe melt blending can vary broadly and depends on the method of blendingemployed. The time required is the time sufficient to thoroughly mix thecomponents. Generally, the individual polymers are blended for a time ofat least 10 seconds, preferably of about 10 seconds up to about 10minutes, preferably up to about 5 minutes, more preferably up to about 2minutes.

The components can also be wet blended whereby at least one of thecomponents is in solution or slurry form. If solution blending methodsare employed, the blending temperature will generally be 25° C. to 50°C. above the cloud point of the solution involved. The solvent ordiluent is then removed by evaporation to leave behind a homogeneousblend of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) and polypropylene.

According to an embodiment, the resin composition comprises at least0.1% and less than 50% by weight of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) and atleast 50% by weight of polypropylene, preferably more than 50% by weightof polypropylene.

More preferably, the resin composition comprises from 0.1 to 49.9 wt %of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid), preferably from 0.1 to 30 wt %, morepreferably from 0.1 to 20 wt %, even more preferably from 0.1 to 15 wt %and most preferably from 0.1 to 10 wt %. The resin composition comprisesfrom 50 to 99.9 wt % of polypropylene, preferably from 70 to 99.9 wt %,more preferably from 80 to 99.9 wt %, even more preferably from 85 to99.9 wt % and most preferably from 90 to 99.9 wt %.

Preferably, the resin composition essentially consists of polypropyleneand poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) i.e. at least 0.1 and less than 50 wt% of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) and 50 to 99.9 wt % of polypropylene.

In a preferred embodiment, according to the invention, the compositiondoes not require compatibiliser for compatibilising polypropylene andpoly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) i.e. it is free of such compatibilisationagents.

The resin composition according to the invention can also be used inblends with other resin compositions to be used in the same applicationsas mentioned in the following section.

The content of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) within the composition ofthe invention renders it partially compostable.

Compostability is herein defined as provided by the standard EN13432:2000. In order for packaging material to be biodegradable it musthave a lifecycle, which can be described as follows:

-   -   a period of storage and/or use starting from time t₀, which is        the moment the material comes off the production line;    -   a period of disintegration starting at time t₁, during which the        polymer begins to significantly chemically disintegrate e.g. via        the hydrolysis of ester bonds;    -   a period of biodegradation, during which the partly hydrolysed        polymer biologically degrades as a result of the action of        bacteria and micro organisms;

It is important to make the distinction between degradable,biodegradable and compostable as often these terms are usedinterchangeably. In addition to the above, a compostable plastic is“capable of undergoing biological decomposition in a compost site aspart of an available program, such that the plastic is not visuallydistinguishable and breaks down to carbon dioxide, water, inorganiccompounds, and biomass, at a rate consistent with known compostablematerials (e.g. cellulose) and leaves no toxic residue” (ASTM). On theother hand a degradable plastic is one which is merely chemicallychanged i.e. there is no requirement for the plastic to be biologicallydegraded by microorganisms. Therefore, a degradable plastic is notnecessarily biodegradable and a biodegradable plastic is not necessarilycompostable (that is, it breaks down too slowly and/or leaves toxicresidue).

In particular, the EN 13432:2000 standard for compostability has thefollowing main features:

-   -   Disintegration is measured by sieving the material to determine        the biodegraded size. To be considered compostable, less than        10% of the material should be larger than 2 mm in size.    -   Biodegradability is determined by measuring the amount of carbon        dioxide produced over a certain time period by the biodegrading        plastic. To be considered compostable, it must be 90%        biodegraded within 90 days.    -   Eco-toxicity is measured by determining whether the        concentration of heavy metals is below the limits set by the        standard and by testing plant growth by mixing the compost with        soil in different concentrations and comparing it with        controlled compost.

Applications of the Resin Composition

Due to the improved mechanical properties of the resin compositionstemming from the presence of polypropylene, as well as the presence ofmaterial from renewable resources and compostability of the resincomposition resulting from the presence of poly(hydroxy carboxylicacid), it is suitable for a wide variety of applications, includingfilms and moulding applications, as described below.

The resin composition is particularly suitable for transformation into afilm, for example cast, blown, uni-oriented and bi-oriented film. It hasbeen surprisingly found that films formed from polymer blends of theinvention exhibit improved properties, particularly improved dart impactproperties and tensile strengths, relative to films of 100% poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid). Films comprising the resin composition of theinvention have improved printability in comparison to films consistingonly of polypropylene due to the higher surface tension of poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid)s, like PLA. The films according to the invention alsohave increased thermal and high frequency sealability in comparison to100% polypropylene films. The films provide higher hot-tack strengths incomparison to polypropylene-based films. The presence of poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid)s also increases the stiffness of the film and providesenhanced water breathability in comparison to polypropylene alone. Thefilm also has improved barrier properties against atmospheric gases, inparticular oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in comparison to filmsconsisting solely of polypropylene.

The polymer blends of the invention can be used to form cast or blownfilms having a single layer (monolayer films) or multiple layers(multilayer films). When used in multilayer films, the polymer blendsaccording to the invention can be used in any layer of the film, or inmore than one layer of the film, as desired. When more than one layer ofthe film is formed using a polymer blend of the present invention, eachsuch layer can be individually formulated, i.e. the layers formed can bethe same or different in chemical composition, density, melt index,thickness and so on, depending upon the desired properties of the film.The other layer(s) can include resins comprising only poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid), for example PLA, or only a polypropylene, or alsoresins comprising, for example, high-pressure polymerised low-densitypolyethylene (LDPE), LLDPE, MDPE or HDPE. Further, one skilled in theart will understand that the layers of a multilayer film must have theappropriate viscosity match.

The thickness of each layer of the film and of the overall film, are notparticularly limited, but are determined according to the desiredproperties of the film. Typical film layers have a thickness of about 1to 1000 μm, more typically about 5 to 100 μm, and typical films have anoverall thickness of 5 to 200 μm, more typically 5 to 100 μm.

Preferably, the present invention provides a single-layer (monolayer)film formed using any of the polymer blends of the invention. Accordingto another embodiment this film is 10 to 150 μm thick.

The films of the present invention may be formed by any number ofwell-known extrusion or co-extrusion techniques. Any of the blown orchill roll techniques commonly used are suitable. For example, thecomposition can be extruded in a molten state through a flat die andthen cooled to form a film. Alternatively, the composition can beextruded in a molten state through an annular die and then blown andcooled to form a tubular, blown film, which can then be axially slit andunfolded to form a flat film.

As a specific example, cast films can be prepared using a pilot scalecommercial cast film line machine as follows. Pellets of the polymericblend are melted at temperatures ranging from about 220° C. to about270° C., with the specific melt temperature being chosen to match meltviscosities of the various resins. The flow is then extruded through asingle manifold film extrusion die to the desired width. The die gapopening is typically about 600 μm. The material is then drawn down tothe final gauge. A vacuum box or air knife can be used to pin the meltexiting the die opening to a primary chill roll maintained at atemperature less than 35° C., preferably at about 32° C.

As another example, blown films can be prepared as follows. The film canbe for instance produced using a blown film line using a die with a diegap of 1.0-2.0 mm, a die diameter of 1-100 mm, preferably 50 mm and alength to diameter ratio (UD) of 25. The blow-up ratio (BUR) can rangefrom 1.0 to 10.0, preferably from 1.0 to 5.0, more preferably 1.3-3.5.The film can then be extruded through the die into a film and cooled,for example by blowing air onto the surface of the film. In industrialprocesses, the film is then preferably drawn from the die to form acylindrical film that is cooled, collapsed and optionally subjected to adesired auxiliary process, such as slitting, treating, sealing orprinting. The finished film can be wound into rolls for later processingand converting.

Multiple-layer films may be formed by methods well known in the art. Thematerials forming each layer may be coextruded through a co-extrusionfeedblock and die assembly to yield a film with two or more layersadhered together but differing in composition. Co-extrusion can beadapted to the cast film or the blown film processes. Multiple-layerfilms may also be formed by extrusion coating, whereby a substratematerial is contacted with the hot molten polymer as the polymer exitsthe die.

There are many potential applications for the films produced from thepolymer blends described herein. These films can be made into otherforms, such as tape, by any one of a number of well-known cutting,slitting, and/or rewinding techniques. They may be useful as stretch,sealing, or oriented films. Surface tension is improved in relation topolypropylene films. However, the surface tension can be improved evenfurther by any known and conventional post-forming techniques such ascorona discharge, chemical treatment, flame treatment, and the like.

Films according to the invention can be used as cling films, stretchfilms, shrink films, bags, lamination films, liners, diaper films, candywrappers or for a variety of other suitable end-use applications thatwill be apparent to those skilled in the art. The films can also beapplied in packaging material, such as for bundling and unitizing avariety of products; flexible food packaging, including frozen foodpackaging; bags, such as trash bags and bin liners, industrial liners,shipping sacks and produce bags; and surface protection applications,with or without stretching, such as in the temporary protection ofsurfaces during manufacturing or transportation.

The composition is also suitable for typical injection, extrusion,stretch and injection stretch blow moulding applications, but alsothermoforming, foaming and rotational moulding applications. Inparticular, the addition of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid)s improve themechanical properties of injection moulded articles of polypropylene. Inparticular, rigidity is increased. The articles made according to theseprocesses can be mono- or multilayer, at least one of the layerscomprising the resin composition of the invention.

The person skilled in the art is aware that the suitable melt flow rangeof the resin composition depends upon the respective method of formingan article. Thus, for injection stretch blow molding (ISBM) thepreferred melt flow index range is from 1.5 dg/min to 30 dg/min. Forcast film extrusion the preferred melt flow index range is from 3.0dg/min to 15 dg/min. For blown film extrusion the preferred melt flowindex range is from 0.3 dg/min to 3.0 dg/min. For blow molding thepreferred melt flow index range is from 0.3 dg/min to 3.0 dg/min. Forsheet extrusion the preferred range is from 2.0 dg/min to 10 dg/min. Forinjection molding the preferred range is from 10 dg/min to 100 dg/min.

The following are non-limiting examples illustrating the invention.

EXAMPLES

The PLA used in the examples is PLA Terramac® 6201. The properties ofthis PLA are provided in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 PLA Density/g/cm³ 1.26 at 23° C. Melt index/g/10 min 9-10 at 233ppm H₂0 18-20 at 1000 ppm H₂0 MW/Da 106940 MWD 1.75

Densities of the PLA were measured according to ASTM D 1505.

Melt indices for PLA were measured according to ASTM D 1238, i.e. at190° C. using a load of 2.16 kg, carried out once in the presence of 233ppm water and once in the presence of 1000 ppm water.

MW and MWD for PLA were determined using GPC, where the PLA wasdissolved in choloform and measurements were taken at 25° C.

Cast Films

Cast films were prepared using a pilot scale commercial cast film linemachine as follows. Compounded and dry blends of 90 wt %metallocene-catalysed polypropylene with 10 wt % of poly(lactic acid)PLA Terramac® 6201 were prepared. The pellets of the polymeric blendwere melted. The flow was then extruded through a single manifold filmextrusion die at temperature of about 40° C. to the desired width. Thedie gap opening was about 600 μm. The material was then drawn down tothe final gauge. The melt exiting the die opening to a primary chillroll was maintained at about 32° C.

Films 1-7 had a film thickness of about 50 μm.

The metallocene catalysed polypropylene mPP A is a homopolymerpolypropylene resin having a melt index of 15 g/10 min as measuredaccording to ISO 1133, condition L, at a temperature of 230° C. under aload of 2.16 kg

The metallocene catalysed polypropylene mPP B is a homopolymerpolypropylene resin having a melt index of 25 g/10 min as measuredaccording to ISO 1133, condition L, at a temperature of 230° C. under aload of 2.16 kg.

ZnPP is a Ziegler-Natta catalysed polypropylene.

The results are provided in Tables 2 and 3. Table 2 clearly shows theimprovements of the resin composition comprising mPP A in comparisonwith the composition comprising znPP. Particularly the tensile strengthsare improved.

The SEM of films 3 and 4 are represented by FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively.

TABLE 2 Film 1 Film 2 Film 3 Film 4 Compounded Compounded Dry blend Dryblend 90 wt % mPP 90 wt % mPP of 90 wt % of 90 wt % A + 10 A + 10 mPPA + 10 znPP + 10 Film 5 wt % PLA wt % PLA wt % PLA wt % PLA mPP AProcessing parameters Rolls ° C. 40 25 25 25 25 Temperature Rolls Speedm/min 6 4 4 4 4 Film Properties Haze % 38 21 25 29 1.2 Gloss 45° % 41 6055 46.8 89 Average dart g <20 <20 <20 <20 244 impact Tensile Strength atMPa 24 29 29 18 25 yield MD Strength at MPa 45 16 30 10 35 break MDElongation % 695 233 321 188 522 at break MD Strength at MPa 18 25 20 1025 yield TD Strength at MPa 20 18 22 6 39 break TD Elongation % 444 15170 21 573 at break TD

The SEM of film 6 is shown in FIG. 3. It clearly demonstrates theexcellent dispersion of the PLA lamellas in the polypropylene resin.

TABLE 3 Film 6 Compounded Film 7 90 wt % mPP B + 10 wt % PLA mPP BProcessing parameters Rolls Temperature ° C. 25 25 Rolls Speed m/min 4 4Film Properties Haze % 18.1 0.1 Gloss 45° % 68.8 90.3 Average dartimpact g <20 105 Elmendorf tear resistance MD N/mm 13.9 17.0 TensileStrength at yield MPa 28 24 MD

Elmendorf tear strength was measured in the machine direction (MD)according to ASTM D 1922

Dart impact strength (Dart) was measured according to ASTM D 1709.

Measurements for tensile strength at yield in the machine direction (MD)and in the transverse direction (TD) were carried out according to ASTMD 882-02.

Gloss was measured according to ASTM D 2457 at an angle of 45°.

Haze was measured according to ISO 14782.

Injection Moulding

Table 4 shows the results obtained from injection moulding, according tothe processing parameters provided therein, a compounded resincomposition containing mPP A and PLA in comparison with injectionmoulding of the mPP A resin alone. It clearly demonstrates theimprovements in mechanical properties obtained by using PLA in mPPresins.

The metallocene catalysed polypropylene mPP A is a homopolymerpolypropylene resin having a melt index of 15 g/10 min as measuredaccording to ISO 1133, condition L, at a temperature of 230° C. under aload of 2.16 kg.

TABLE 4 Sample 1 Compounded 90 wt % mPP A + Sample 2 10 wt % PLA mPP AProcessing parameters Melt temperature ° C. 230 200 Dynamic pressure bar287 466 Holding pressure bar 320 520 Mechanical Properties Elasticmodulus MPa 1576 1433 Modulus at 1% MPa 1423 1257 Flexural modulus MPa1462 1311 Notched Izod at 23° C. kJ/m² 2.8 3.4

Flexural modulus was measured according to ISO 178.

Notched Izod impact strength was measured according to ISO 180.

FIGS. 4 and 5 are SEM images of injected moulded samples of 90wt % mPP Aand 10wt % PLA (Sample 3) and 90wt % znPP and 10 wt % PLA (Sample 4).The nodes of PLA in Sample 3 have a diameter of on average only 0.7 μmin size, whereas the nodes of PLA in Sample 4 have a diameter of onaverage 1.4 μm in size i.e. double the size. Thus it can be said thatPLA disperses more easily in polypropylene prepared with a metallocenecatalyst than in polypropylene prepared with a Ziegler-Natta catalyst.The resin composition of mPP and PLA is more homogeneous.

1-13. (canceled)
 14. An article formed from a resin compositioncomprising at least 0.1% by weight of poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) andat least 50% by weight of polypropylene prepared with a single-sitemetallocene catalyst.
 15. The article of claim 14, wherein the articleis a thermoformed article, a blow molded article, an injection stretchblow molded article, an injection blow molded article, an extrusion blowmolded, a rotational molded article, a foamed article, an extrudedsheet, or a fiber.
 16. The article of claim 14, wherein the article is amonolayer article.
 17. The article of claim 14, wherein the article is amultilayer article, and wherein at least one of the layers comprises theresin composition.
 18. The article of claim 14, wherein the article isan injection stretch blow molded article, and wherein the resincomposition exhibits a melt flow index ranging from 1.5 dg/min to 30dg/min.
 19. The article of claim 14, wherein the article is a blowmolded article, and wherein the resin composition exhibits a melt flowindex ranging from 0.3 dg/min to 3.0 dg/min.
 20. The article of claim14, wherein the article is an extruded sheet, and wherein the resincomposition exhibits a melt flow index ranging from 2.0 dg/min to 10dg/min.
 21. The article of claim 14, wherein the article is an injectionmolded article, and wherein the resin composition exhibits a melt flowindex ranging from 10 dg/min to 100 dg/min.
 22. The article of claim 14,wherein the resin composition is free of compatibiliser forcompatibilising polypropylene and poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid).
 23. Thearticle of claim 14, wherein the polypropylene is isotactic.
 24. Thearticle of claim 14, wherein a molecular weight distribution of thepolypropylene resin is at most
 5. 25. The article of claim 14, whereinthe poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) is poly(lactic acid).
 26. The articleof claim 14, wherein the poly(lactic acid) is a copolymer and thecomonomers are chosen from one or more of: aliphatic hydroxy carboxylicacids selected from glycolic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid,4-hydroxybutyric acid, 4-hydroxyvaleric acid, 5-hydroxyvaleric acid,6-hydroxycaproic acid and combinations thereof; and aliphatic polyestersof dihydric alcohols and dibasic carboxylic acids.
 27. The article ofclaim 14, wherein the single-site metallocene catalyst comprises:dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-4-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride,dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methylindenyl)zirconium dichloride,dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-4,5-benzoindenyl)zirconium dichloride,isopropylidene(cyclopentadienyl)(fluorenyl)zirconium dichloride,isopropylidene(2-methyl-4-tert-butyl-cyclopentadienyl)(fluorenyl)zirconiu-mdichloride,isopropylidene(2-methyl-4-tert-butyl-cyclopentadienyl)(3,6-di-tert-butyl-fluorenyl)zirconiumdichloride, or combinations thereof.
 28. The article of claim 14,wherein the resin composition comprises: from 0.1 to 49.9 wt % of thepoly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) and from 50 to 99.9 wt % of thepolypropylene.
 29. The article of claim 14, wherein the resincomposition comprises: from 0.1 to 30 wt % of the poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) and from 70 to 99.9 wt % of the polypropylene.
 30. Thearticle of claim 14, wherein the resin composition comprises: from 0.1to 20 wt % of the poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) and from 80 to 99.9 wt %of the polypropylene.
 31. The article of claim 14, wherein the resincomposition comprises: from 0.1 to 15 wt % of the poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) and from 85 to 99.9 wt % of the polypropylene.
 32. Thearticle of claim 14, wherein the resin composition comprises: from 0.1to 10 wt % of the poly(hydroxy carboxylic acid) and from 90 to 99.9 wt %of the polypropylene.